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  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud Mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>SM</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM61</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2015.013</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original articles</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>The emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border: A comparative study</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>The emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border: A comparative study. (Problemas emocionales y de comportamiento entre niños expuestos a la pobreza y/o la violencia colectiva en comunidades en la frontera México-Estados Unidos: Un estudio comparativo)</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">The emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border: A comparative study</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Marie</surname>
       <given-names>Leiner</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>María Theresa</surname>
       <given-names>Villanos</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Héctor</surname>
       <given-names>Puertas</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Jesús</surname>
       <given-names>Peinado</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Carmen</surname>
       <given-names>Ávila</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     Jurisdicción Sanitaria de la Secretaría de Salud I, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0003">
     <label>3</label>
     El Colegio de Chihuahua, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua.
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Marie Leiner, PhD. 4800 Alberta El Paso, Texas 79905, USA. Tel: (915) 215 - 5831. E-mail: marie.leiner@ttuhsc.edu
      <email xlink:href="marie.leiner@ttuhsc.edu">marie.leiner@ttuhsc.edu</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2015</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>38</volume>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <fpage>95</fpage>
    <lpage>102</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>03</day>
      <month>04</month>
      <year>2013</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>17</day>
      <month>07</month>
      <year>2014</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>08</day>
      <month>07</month>
      <year>2015</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2015</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en"><title>Background.</title><p>Collective violence attributed to organized crime has shown to be responsible for a considerable burden of physical and mental health morbidity among youth.</p><title>Objective.</title><p>To compare the emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to early childhood poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border to children exposed to other social and health risks.</p><title>Method.</title><p>A cross-sectional study was carried out with individuals living in poverty at two sites at the Mexico-United States border. Individuals who responded once to the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were selected randomly from clinics in a metropolitan area of El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (poverty plus collective violence group). In addition, emotional and behavioral problems present in these groups were compared with available published emotional and behavioral CBCL scales of children exposed to other social and health risks.</p><title>Results.</title><p>Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higher emotional and behavioral problem scores as measured by the P+CBCL than those exposed to poverty alone. In addition, compared with children who were brain-injured, hearing impaired, or whose parents were exposed to drugs or alcohol, the poverty and collective violence group had higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems.</p><title>Discussion and Conclusion.</title><p>Systematic detection and treatment of children as young as 18 months exposed to trauma are necessary to diminish the mental health problems caused by the collective violence attributed to organized crime.</p></abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es"><title>Antecedentes.</title><p>La violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado ha mostrado causar considerables daños en la salud mental de jóvenes.</p><title>Antecedentes.</title><p>Objetivo</p><title>Antecedentes.</title><p>Comparar los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de niños expuestos a la pobreza y/o violencia colectiva en comunidades localizadas en la frontera México-Estados Unidos, así como con niños expuestos a otros riesgos.</p><title>Método.</title><p>Estudio transversal con participantes viven en la pobreza en ambos lados de la frontera de México y Estados Unidos. Los participantes respondieron a la versión con pictogramas en español del Cuestionario de Comportamientos de Niños (P+CBCL) en clínicas localizadas en El Paso, Texas (grupo expuesto a la pobreza), y en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México (grupo expuesto a la pobreza + violencia colectiva). De forma adicional se compararon los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de estos grupos con resultados históricos obtenidos a partir de la evidencia científica.</p><title>Resultados.</title><p>Los niños expuestos a la pobreza/violencia colectiva registraron resultados más altos en las escalas de problemas emocionales y de comportamiento al medirlos con el P+CBCL cuando se compararon con el grupo expuesto solamente a la pobreza. De forma adicional, al comparar los grupos con niños con problemas cerebrales, de audición, o con padres expuestos a drogas y alcohol, el grupo expuesto a la pobreza y a la violencia registró mayores problemas emocionales y de comportamiento.</p><title>Discusión y Conclusión.</title><p>La detección sistemática y el tratamiento de niños desde los 18 meses expuestos a trauma son necesarios para disminuir los problemas mentales causados por la violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado.</p></trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Health communication</kwd>
     <kwd>children</kwd>
     <kwd>collective violence</kwd>
     <kwd>mental health</kwd>
     <kwd>poverty</kwd>
     <kwd>violence</kwd>
     <kwd>organized crime</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Comunicación en salud</kwd>
     <kwd>niños</kwd>
     <kwd>violencia colectiva</kwd>
     <kwd>salud mental</kwd>
     <kwd>pobreza</kwd>
     <kwd>violencia</kwd>
     <kwd>crimen organizado</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

