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  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud Mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>SM</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM177</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2015.066</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original article</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>Anxiolytic and sedative-like effects of flavonoids from Tilia americana var. mexicana: GABAergic and serotonergic participation</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>Anxiolytic and sedative-like effects of flavonoids from Tilia americana var. mexicana: GABAergic and serotonergic participation</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Anxiolytic and sedative-like effects of flavonoids from Tilia americana var. mexicana: GABAergic and serotonergic participation</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Eva</surname>
       <given-names>Aguirre-Hernández</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Ma. Eva</surname>
       <given-names>González-Trujano</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Teresa</surname>
       <given-names>Terrazas</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Josefina</surname>
       <given-names>Herrera Santoyo</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Patricia</surname>
       <given-names>Guevara-Fefer</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales. Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0003">
     <label>3</label>
     Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Ma. Eva González-Trujano. Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales. Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias. Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, 14370 México, DF. México. Phone: (+52 55) 4160 – 5084. Fax: (+52 55) 5655 – 9980. E-mail: evag@imp.edu.mx
      <email xlink:href="evag@imp.edu.mx">evag@imp.edu.mx</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2016</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>39</volume>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <fpage>37</fpage>
    <lpage>46</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>06</day>
      <month>06</month>
      <year>2014</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>03</day>
      <month>08</month>
      <year>2015</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>04</day>
      <month>02</month>
      <year>2016</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2016</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en">Abstract
Introduction. The inflorescences of Tilia americana var. mexicana are used as an infusion in Mexican traditional medicine due to their tranquilizing effects; however, pharmacological and phytochemical studies of the leaves are lacking.
Objective. In this research, the anxiolytic and sedative-like efficacy of the Tilia americana var. mexicana leaves was compared to that obtained with its inflorescences and flavonoids therein identified, as well as the possible mechanism of action.
Methods. The sorted and dried inflorescences and leaves were macerated subsequently in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The methanol extracts were qualitative- and quantitative-analyzed by HPLC, using commercial flavonoids standards selected on the basis of their previously reported presence in Tilia species. The pharmacological activity was evaluated in CD-1 mice in the tests: open-field, elevated plus-maze, hole-board, and the sodium pentobarbital-induced sleep potentiation test. In regard to the mechanism of action, participation of benzodiazepine and 5-HT1A serotonin receptors was tested with the respective antagonists: flumazenil and WAY100635.
Results. The presence of quercetin, rutin and isoquercitrin was confirmed in the extracts of the inflorescences and leaves. The anxiolytic-like effects were the same between the two organs, which were inhibited in the presence of flumazenil and WAY100635.
Discussion and conclusion. Our results provide evidence that the extracts of the leaves of T. americana var. mexicana are as efficacious as the inflorescences to produce anxiolytic and sedative-like effects, where flavonoids like quercetin, rutin and isoquercitrin are partially responsible for these activities by the involvement of GABA/BDZ and 5HT1A serotonergic receptors.</abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">Resumen
Introducci&oacute;n. En la medicina tradicional mexicana, la infusi&oacute;n de inflorescencias de Tilia americana var. mexicana es utilizada por sus efectos tranquilizantes; sin embargo, los estudios farmacol&oacute;gicos y fitoqu&iacute;micos de sus hojas son deficientes.
Objetivo. En esta investigaci&oacute;n, la eficacia ansiol&iacute;tico-sedante de las hojas de T. americana var. mexicana se compar&oacute; con la obtenida con las inflorescencias y los flavonoides previamente identificados; se analiz&oacute; adem&aacute;s el posible mecanismo de acci&oacute;n.
M&eacute;todos. Inflorescencias y hojas separadas y secas se maceraron sucesivamente en hexano, acetato de etilo y metanol. Los extractos metan&oacute;licos se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente por HPLC usando est&aacute;ndares comerciales de flavonoides previamente reportados en especies de Tilia. La actividad farmacol&oacute;gica se evalu&oacute; en ratones CD-1 en las pruebas de campo abierto, cruz elevada, tablero con orificios y la prueba de potenciaci&oacute;n de hipnosis inducida por pentobarbital s&oacute;dico. Respecto al mecanismo de acci&oacute;n, la participaci&oacute;n de los receptores de benzodiazepinas y 5-HT1A de serotonina se examin&oacute; utilizando los antagonistas flumazenil y WAY100635, respectivamente.
Resultados. La presencia de quercetina, rutina e isoquercitrina se confirm&oacute; en los extractos de inflorescencias y hojas, donde se confirm&oacute; el efecto como ansiol&iacute;tico, el cual fue inhibido en la presencia de flumazenil y WAY100635.
Discusi&oacute;n y conclusi&oacute;n. Nuestros resultados dan evidencia de que las hojas de T. americana var. mexicana son tan eficaces como las inflorescencias para producir efectos ansiol&iacute;tico-sedantes, donde los flavonoides quercetina, rutina e isoquercitrina son responsables parciales y se involucra la participaci&oacute;n de los receptores GABA/BDZ y 5HT1A de serotonina.</trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Anxiety</kwd>
     <kwd>isoquercitrin</kwd>
     <kwd>quercetin</kwd>
     <kwd>rutin</kwd>
     <kwd>sedative</kwd>
     <kwd>Tilia</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Ansiedad</kwd>
     <kwd>isoquercitrina</kwd>
     <kwd>quercetina</kwd>
     <kwd>rutina</kwd>
     <kwd>sedante</kwd>
     <kwd>Tilia</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

