<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
 <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "journalpublishing3.dtd">
 <article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud Mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>SM</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM4380</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2017.009</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original article</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>Perception and use of informal coercion in outpatient treatment: a focus group study with mental health professionals of Latin culture</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>Perception and use of informal coercion in outpatient treatment: a focus group study with mental health professionals of Latin culture</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Perception and use of informal coercion in outpatient treatment: a focus group study with mental health professionals of Latin culture</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Ignacio</surname>
       <given-names>García-Cabeza</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Emanuel</surname>
       <given-names>Valenti</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Alfredo</surname>
       <given-names>Calcedo</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     Servicio de Psiquiatría B, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain, Madrid, Madrid
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain, Madrid, Madrid
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Ignacio García-Cabeza. Servicio B de Psiquiatría, HGU Gregorio Marañón, C/Ibiza 43, 28009-Madrid, España. Phone: 0034915868147. E-mail: igcabeza@salud.madrid.org
      <email xlink:href="igcabeza@salud.madrid.org">igcabeza@salud.madrid.org</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>04</month>
     <year>2017</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>40</volume>
    <issue>2</issue>
    <fpage>63</fpage>
    <lpage>70</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>27</day>
      <month>06</month>
      <year>2016</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>15</day>
      <month>02</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>17</day>
      <month>04</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en">Introduction. In addition to compulsion (involuntary hospitalization, seclusion, restraint, etc.), there are broader forms of coercion (persuasion, interpersonal pressure, inducement or threat), called informal or covert coercion, all of which try to improve patients adherence to treatment. Objective. To analyse the use of covert coercion in mental health outpatients and the mental health professionals&acute; views on this practice comparing four countries (Spain, Italy, Mexico and Chile). Methods. We conducted a qualitative research using four focus groups in each country with mental health professionals working in mental health centres and based on a thematic analysis approach. Sample. The total sample was made up of 98 professionals (31 psychiatrists, 25 clinical psychologists, 28 nurses, eight social workers and six other professionals). Results. The use of informal coercion was recognized in clinical practice, but its intensity was related to professionals&acute; characteristics and to factors related to diagnosis, clinical course, perceived risk, insight, therapeutic relationship and organizational issues in the delivery of services. Its use was justified by effectiveness in improving adherence and, generally, in seeking benefits for the patient, but sometimes in a paternalistic way. Discussion and conclusion. Our results match those described in the literature in terms of: 1. sociodemographic and clinical profile; 2. the reason that leads to its use (adherence); 3. ethical justification (search for patient&acute;s benefit, trying not to impair his freedom); hence, the most intense forms (threat) were misperceived. Our professionals acknowledged the use of covert coercion in their clinical practice, justifying it on ethical and clinical grounds.</abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">Introducci&oacute;n. Adem&aacute;s de la coerci&oacute;n formal (hospitalizaci&oacute;n involuntaria, contenci&oacute;n, etc.), en salud mental existen otras formas de coerci&oacute;n (persuasi&oacute;n, presi&oacute;n interpersonal, inducci&oacute;n o amenaza), denominada informal o encubierta, que pretenden mejorar la adherencia. Objetivo. Conocer el uso de la coerci&oacute;n informal en el tratamiento ambulatorio de enfermos mentales y la percepci&oacute;n que de ella tienen los profesionales de salud mental de cuatro pa&iacute;ses (Espa&ntilde;a, Italia, M&eacute;xico y Chile). M&eacute;todo. Utilizamos una investigaci&oacute;n cualitativa con cuatro grupos focales por pa&iacute;s, compuestos por profesionales que trabajaban en centros de salud mental, con un enfoque basado en el an&aacute;lisis tem&aacute;tico. La muestra fue de 98 profesionales (31 psiquiatras, 25 psic&oacute;logos cl&iacute;nicos, 28 enfermeros, ocho trabajadores sociales y otras seis profesiones). Resultados. Se reconoci&oacute; el uso de la coerci&oacute;n informal en la pr&aacute;ctica cl&iacute;nica. Su intensidad dependi&oacute; de caracter&iacute;sticas del profesional y factores relacionados con el diagn&oacute;stico, cl&iacute;nica, evoluci&oacute;n de la enfermedad, peligrosidad del paciente, conciencia de enfermedad, relaci&oacute;n terap&eacute;utica y aspectos organizativos asistenciales. Su uso se justific&oacute; por la eficacia y la b&uacute;squeda de beneficios para el paciente, a veces de forma paternalista. Discusi&oacute;n y conclusi&oacute;n. Nuestros resultados coincidieron en cuanto al perfil sociodemogr&aacute;fico y cl&iacute;nico con lo descrito en la bibliograf&iacute;a. Tambi&eacute;n lo hicieron en cuanto al motivo que lleva a su uso (la adherencia) y su justificaci&oacute;n &eacute;tica (la b&uacute;squeda del beneficio del paciente menoscabando su libertad lo menos posible), de ah&iacute; que las formas m&aacute;s intensas (amenaza) fueron mal percibidas. Nuestros profesionales reconocieron el ejercicio de la coerci&oacute;n encubierta en su pr&aacute;ctica habitual, justific&aacute;ndola cl&iacute;nica y &eacute;ticamente.</trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Coercion</kwd>
     <kwd>pressure</kwd>
     <kwd>autonomy</kwd>
     <kwd>focus group</kwd>
     <kwd>community mental health services</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Coerción</kwd>
     <kwd>presión</kwd>
     <kwd>autonomía</kwd>
     <kwd>grupo focal</kwd>
     <kwd>servicios de salud mental</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

