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  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud Mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>sm</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM4507</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2017.034</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original article</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>Misuse of pharmaceuticals by regular psychostimulant users is linked to mental health problems</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>El uso indebido de psicofármacos entre los usuarios regulares de psicoestimulantes está relacionado con problemas de salud mental</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Misuse of pharmaceuticals by regular psychostimulant users is linked to mental health problems</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Caroline L.</surname>
       <given-names>Salom</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Lucinda A.</surname>
       <given-names>Burns</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Rosa</surname>
       <given-names>Alati</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     Institute for Social Sciences Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Caroline Salom Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland. Long Pocket Precinct, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Queensland 4068 Australia. Phone: +61 425 566 - 700 Email: c.salom@uq.edu.au
      <email xlink:href="c.salom@uq.edu.au">c.salom@uq.edu.au</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2017</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>40</volume>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <fpage>265</fpage>
    <lpage>270</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>09</day>
      <month>10</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>21</day>
      <month>11</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>12</day>
      <month>12</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2017</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en">Introduction. Misuse of pharmaceutical drugs, particularly by young people, is an issue of rising concern. Poly-substance use is common among regular psychostimulant users (RPU), and mental health problems are associated with pharmaceutical misuse, but RPU do not generally acknowledge their use as problematic. Objective. To examine links between mental health and misuse of non-prescription pharmaceuticals in a group of regular users of illicit psychostimulants. Method. Face to face structured interviews were conducted in April 2015 with 763 regular users of illicit psychostimulants as part of the Annual Ecstasy and Related Drugs Reporting System study in Australia. Results. At least half of the RPU in this study reported extra-medical or misuse of pharmaceuticals in the last six months in addition to regular use of illicit psychostimulants. Higher levels of psychological distress were recorded for RPU who also reported recent illicit use of opioids, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, or over-the-counter (OTC) codeine. Recent misuse of benzodiazepines or OTC codeine was associated with self-reported mental health problems and having attended a mental health professional. Those reporting recent misuse of opioids were at increased risk of mental health problems and more likely to record high levels of psychological distress, but less likely to have received prescription medications for their mental health problem. Discussion and conclusion. Regular users of illicit psychostimulants who also misuse pharmaceuticals are at increased risk of mental health problems, even after accounting for their use of illicit psychostimulants. Screening of this group for mental health problems is recommended.</abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">Introducci&oacute;n. El uso indebido de psicof&aacute;rmacos, particularmente entre los j&oacute;venes, es un tema de creciente preocupaci&oacute;n. El policonsumo de sustancias es com&uacute;n entre los usuarios regulares de psicoestimulantes (URP), y, pese a que hay problemas de salud mental asociados con el uso indebido de medicamentos, los URP generalmente no reconocen su consumo como problem&aacute;tico. Objetivo. Examinar las relaciones entre la salud mental y el uso indebido de psicof&aacute;rmacos no prescritos en un grupo de URP. M&eacute;todo. Se realizaron entrevistas cara a cara con 763 URP como parte del Estudio Anual del Sistema de Reporte de &Eacute;xtasis y Drogas Relacionadas en Australia. Resultados. Al menos la mitad de los URP en este estudio informaron el uso extram&eacute;dico o indebido de psicof&aacute;rmacos en los &uacute;ltimos seis meses, adem&aacute;s del uso regular de psicoestimulantes il&iacute;citos. Se hallaron niveles m&aacute;s altos de distr&eacute;s psicol&oacute;gico para los URP, quienes tambi&eacute;n informaron de un uso il&iacute;cito reciente de code&iacute;na, opi&aacute;ceos, antidepresivos o benzodiazepinas sin prescripci&oacute;n m&eacute;dica. El uso indebido reciente de code&iacute;na o benzodiazepinas sin prescripci&oacute;n se asoci&oacute; a problemas autorreportados de salud mental y a asistencia a consulta con un profesional de salud mental. Aquellos que informaron el uso indebido reciente de opioides mostraron mayor riesgo de problemas de salud mental y mayor probabilidad de registrar altos niveles de distr&eacute;s psicol&oacute;gico, pero menor probabilidad de haber recibido psicof&aacute;rmacos prescritos para su problema de salud mental. Discusi&oacute;n y conclusi&oacute;n. Los URP que tambi&eacute;n consumen indebidamente psicof&aacute;rmacos est&aacute;n en mayor riesgo de presentar problemas de salud mental, incluso despu&eacute;s de considerar su consumo de psicoestimulantes il&iacute;citos. Se recomienda una evaluaci&oacute;n por tamizaje para problemas de salud mental en este grupo.</trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Non-prescription drugs</kwd>
     <kwd>substance abuse</kwd>
     <kwd>mental disorders</kwd>
     <kwd>substance-related disorders</kwd>
     <kwd>recreational drugs</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Medicamentos sin receta</kwd>
     <kwd>abuso de sustancias</kwd>
     <kwd>trastornos relacionados con sustancias</kwd>
     <kwd>uso indebido</kwd>
     <kwd>drogas recreativas</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

