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  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud Mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>sm</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM4536</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2018.002</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original article</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>Correlation between intake of omega-3 fatty acids and depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>Correlación entre la ingesta de ácidos grasos omega-3 y los síntomas de depresión  y ansiedad en el embarazo</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Correlation between intake of omega-3 fatty acids and depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Miriam</surname>
       <given-names>Álvarez-Ramírez</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Ma. Asunción</surname>
       <given-names>Lara</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>José Miguel</surname>
       <given-names>Cervantes-Alfaro</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Virginia Angélica</surname>
       <given-names>Robinson-Fuentes</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Jesús</surname>
       <given-names>Alveano-Hernández</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004">4</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     División de Estudios de Posgrado, Laboratorio de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina Dr. Ignacio Chávez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     Departamento de Modelos de Intervención, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0003">
     <label>3</label>
     División de Estudios de Posgrado, Laboratorio de Neurociencias y Neuroprotectores Endógenos, Facultad de Medicina Dr. Ignacio Chávez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0004">
     <label>4</label>
     Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Vasco de Quiroga, Morelia, Michoacán, México.
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Miriam Álvarez Ramírez. División de Estudios de Posgrado, Laboratorio de Química Analítica, Facultad de Medicina Dr. Ignacio Chávez, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Astrónomos No. 28, Fracc Cosmos. C.P. 58050, Morelia, Michoacán, México. Phone: (52) 443 155-8067 Email: malvarez.nutricion@gmail.com
      <email xlink:href="malvarez.nutricion@gmail.com">malvarez.nutricion@gmail.com</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>02</month>
     <year>2018</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>41</volume>
    <issue>1</issue>
    <fpage>31</fpage>
    <lpage>38</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>14</day>
      <month>03</month>
      <year>2017</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>25</day>
      <month>01</month>
      <year>2018</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>05</day>
      <month>03</month>
      <year>2018</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en">Introduction. Anxiety and depression during pregnancy are disabling disorders associated to complications during the pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period, with a significant prevalence, between 9 and 20%, hence its importance. Nutritional factors, such as omega-3 fatty acids (&omega;-3FA) deficiency, have been related with both disorders during pregnancy, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Objective. To evaluate the association between dietary intake of EPA and DHA, and anxiety symptoms (AS) and depressive symptoms (DS) in Mexican pregnant women. Method. The sample consisted of 151 women in the second trimester of pregnancy. Instruments included a Food Frequency Questionnaire, the Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results. A daily intake of DHA and EPA of 70 mg/d and 30 mg/d, respectively, was found. The prevalence of AS was 44.4%, and 17.9% for DS. We also found the correlation negatively moderate between dietary intake of DHA and EPA and AS (p = .003, p = .017) and DS (p = .001, p = .020) in the group of women who had a severely insufficient intake of &omega;-3FA. Discussion and conclusion. The statistical significance shows a negative correlation between variables and the dietary intake of &omega;-3FA explains in a very small percentage the variability of AS and DS, according to their coefficient of determination. These results suggest the need for an investigation of this relationship through interventional studies.</abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">Introducci&oacute;n. La prevalencia de ansiedad y depresi&oacute;n en el embarazo oscilaentre 9 y 20%. Poseen una gran importancia al ser trastornos incapacitantes asociados a complicaciones durante el embarazo, parto y postparto. Factores nutricionales, como la deficiencia de &aacute;cidos grasos omega-3 (AG&omega;-3), se han relacionado con ambos trastornos durante el embarazo, especialmente el &aacute;cido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y el &aacute;cido eicosapentaenoico (EPA). Objetivo. Evaluar la asociaci&oacute;n entre la ingesta diet&eacute;tica de EPA y DHA y los s&iacute;ntomas de ansiedad (SA) y depresi&oacute;n (DS) en mujeres embarazadas mexicanas. M&eacute;todo. Se entrevist&oacute; a 151 gestantes fueron entrevistadas en el segundo trimestre de embarazo. Los instrumentos de medici&oacute;n utilizados fueron: un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos, el Inventario de Ansiedad-Rasgo y la Escala de Depresi&oacute;n Postnatal de Edimburgo. Resultados. Se encontr&oacute; una correlaci&oacute;n negativa moderada entre la ingesta de DHA y EPA y los SA (p = .003, p = .017) y SD (p = .001, p = .020) en el grupo de mujeres con ingesta gravemente insuficiente. Se encontr&oacute; una ingesta diet&eacute;tica diaria de DHA y EPA de 70 mg y 30 mg, respectivamente. La prevalencia de SA fue 44.4% y de SD, 17.9%. Discusi&oacute;n y conclusi&oacute;n. Aunque la significancia estad&iacute;stica mostr&oacute; una correlaci&oacute;n negativa entre variables, de acuerdo con el coeficiente de determinaci&oacute;n, la ingesta diet&eacute;tica de AG&omega;-3 explica en un escaso porcentaje la variabilidad de los SA y SD. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de investigar dicha relaci&oacute;n por medio de estudios de intervenci&oacute;n.</trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Fatty acids</kwd>
     <kwd>omega-3</kwd>
     <kwd>prenatal anxiety</kwd>
     <kwd>prenatal depression</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Ácidos grasos</kwd>
     <kwd>omega-3</kwd>
     <kwd>ansiedad prenatal</kwd>
     <kwd>depresión prenatal</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

