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  <front>
   <journal-meta>
    <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">SM</journal-id>
    <journal-title-group>
     <journal-title>Salud mental</journal-title>
     <abbrev-journal-title>sm</abbrev-journal-title>
    </journal-title-group>
    <issn pub-type="epub">0185-3325</issn>
    <publisher>
     <publisher-name>Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</publisher-name>
    </publisher>
   </journal-meta>
   <article-meta>
    <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">SM4933</article-id>
    <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2018.037</article-id>
    <article-categories>
     <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
      <subject>Original articles</subject>
     </subj-group>
    </article-categories>
    <title-group>
     <article-title>Diagnostic operationalization and phenomenological heterogeneity in psychiatry: the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</article-title>
     <trans-title-group xml:lang="es">
      <trans-title>Operacionalizaci&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica y heterogeneidad fenomenol&oacute;gica en psiquiatr&iacute;a: el caso del trastorno por d&eacute;ficit de atenci&oacute;n con hiperactividad</trans-title>
     </trans-title-group>
     <alt-title alt-title-type="running-head">Diagnostic operationalization and phenomenological heterogeneity in psychiatry: the case of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</alt-title>
    </title-group>
    <contrib-group>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Giovanni Abrahão</surname>
       <given-names>Salum</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Ary</surname>
       <given-names>Gadelha</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0003">3</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Guilherme Vanoni</surname>
       <given-names>Polanczyk</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004">4</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Eurípedes Constantino</surname>
       <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004">4</xref>
     </contrib>
     <contrib contrib-type="author">
      <name>
       <surname>Luis Augusto</surname>
       <given-names>Rohde</given-names>
      </name>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0001">1</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0002">2</xref>
      <xref ref-type="aff" rid="AF0004">4</xref>
     </contrib>
    </contrib-group>
    <aff id="AF0001">
     <label>1</label>
     Instituto Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia de Psiquiatria do desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes, Brazil.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0002">
     <label>2</label>
     Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0003">
     <label>3</label>
     Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    </aff>
    <aff id="AF0004">
     <label>4</label>
     Department of Psychiatry, Escola de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
    </aff>
    <author-notes>
     <corresp id="cor1">
      Correspondence: Luis Augusto Rohde Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil, 90035-003. Phone: +55 51 3359 - 8094 Email: gsalumjr@gmail.com
      <email xlink:href="gsalumjr@gmail.com">gsalumjr@gmail.com</email>
     </corresp>
    </author-notes>
    <pub-date pub-type="epub-ppub">
     <month>12</month>
     <year>2018</year>
    </pub-date>
    <volume>41</volume>
    <issue>6</issue>
    <fpage>249</fpage>
    <lpage>259</lpage>
    <history>
     <date date-type="received">
      <day>25</day>
      <month>06</month>
      <year>2018</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="accepted">
      <day>28</day>
      <month>11</month>
      <year>2018</year>
     </date>
     <date date-type="Publicado on-line">
      <day>21</day>
      <month>12</month>
      <year>2018</year>
     </date>
    </history>
    <permissions>
     <copyright-statement>© 2001-2015. Todos los Derechos Reservados a Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz</copyright-statement>
     <copyright-year>2018</copyright-year>
     <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/">
      <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial (by-nc) Spain 3.0 License.</license-p>
     </license>
    </permissions>
    <abstract xml:lang="en">Introduction. We assessed the impact of polythetic conceptualizations of mental disorders on the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnosis, with a specific focus on two levels of heterogeneity: phenomenological and pathophysiological. Objective. We investigated this issue using attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as an example. Method. We examined individuals from two samples enriched for psychopathology (n = 1 255 children in Porto Alegre and 1 257 children in S&atilde;o Paulo, Brazil). We conducted a series of data analyses to investigate phenomenological heterogeneity, including confirmatory factor analysis. We also investigated pathophysiological heterogeneity using symptom-level regressions between ADHD symptoms and four neurocognitive processes consistently linked to ADHD (working memory, inhibitory control, intra-subject variability in reaction times, and temporal processing). Lastly, we assessed the performance of polythetic systems for reliability testing inter-rater and test-rest reliability of two well-known symptomatic scales. Results. Among the 116 200 possible combinations of symptoms to achieve DSM symptomatic threshold for categorical ADHD diagnosis, we found 173 combinations in the two independent samples, and only four were replicated in both samples (2.3%). We also found that the number of ADHD symptoms is a poor indicator of variation in the general ADHD latent trait. Overall, symptoms did not have specific profiles of associations with any of the neurocognitive processes. Reliability analyses revealed that increasing the number of items augments overall reliability of measurements. Discussion and conclusion. Our findings illustrate both potential benefits and problems inherent to the polythetic system for ADHD. Implications for the search of mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders are discussed.</abstract>
    <trans-abstract xml:lang="es">Antecedentes. Evaluamos el impacto de las conceptualizaciones polit&eacute;cnicas de los trastornos mentales en la validez y la fiabilidad del diagn&oacute;stico psiqui&aacute;trico, con un enfoque espec&iacute;fico en dos niveles de heterogeneidad: fenomenol&oacute;gico y fisiopatol&oacute;gico. Objetivos. Investigamos este problema utilizando el trastorno por d&eacute;ficit de atenci&oacute;n e hiperactividad (TDAH) como ejemplo. M&eacute;todo. Examinamos individuos de dos muestras enriquecidas por psicopatolog&iacute;a (n = 1 255 ni&ntilde;os en Porto Alegre y 1 257 ni&ntilde;os en S&atilde;o Paulo, Brasil). Llevamos a cabo una serie de an&aacute;lisis de datos para investigar la heterogeneidad fenomenol&oacute;gica, incluido el an&aacute;lisis factorial confirmatorio. Tambi&eacute;n investigamos la heterogeneidad fisiopatol&oacute;gica utilizando regresiones al nivel de s&iacute;ntomas entre los s&iacute;ntomas del TDAH y cuatro procesos neurocognitivos consistentemente vinculados al TDAH (memoria de trabajo, control inhibitorio, variabilidad intrasujeto en tiempos de reacci&oacute;n y procesamiento temporal). Por &uacute;ltimo, evaluamos el rendimiento de los sistemas polit&eacute;ticos para la prueba de confiabilidad interevaluador y la confiabilidad test-rest de dos escalas sintom&aacute;ticas bien conocidas. Resultados. Entre las 116 200 posibles combinaciones de s&iacute;ntomas para alcanzar el umbral sintom&aacute;tico del DSM para el diagn&oacute;stico categ&oacute;rico de TDAH, encontramos 173 combinaciones en las dos muestras independientes y s&oacute;lo cuatro se replicaron en ambas muestras (2.3%). Tambi&eacute;n encontramos que la cantidad de s&iacute;ntomas de TDAH no es un buen indicador de la variaci&oacute;n en el rasgo latente general del TDAH. En general, los s&iacute;ntomas no ten&iacute;an perfiles espec&iacute;ficos de asociaciones con ninguno de los procesos neurocognitivos. Los an&aacute;lisis de confiabilidad revelaron que aumentar el n&uacute;mero de art&iacute;culos aumenta la confiabilidad general de las mediciones. Discusi&oacute;n y conclusi&oacute;n. Nuestros hallazgos ilustran tanto los beneficios potenciales como los problemas inherentes al sistema polit&eacute;cnico para el TDAH. Se discuten las implicaciones para la b&uacute;squeda de mecanismos subyacentes a los trastornos psiqui&aacute;tricos.</trans-abstract>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
     <kwd>Attention</kwd>
     <kwd>psychiatry</kwd>
     <kwd>diagnosis</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
    <kwd-group xml:lang="es">
     <kwd>Atención</kwd>
     <kwd>psiquiatría</kwd>
     <kwd>diagnóstico</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
   </article-meta>
  </front>
 </article>

