Depressive disorder and psychosocial indicators in high school and college students from Mexico City: data from two censuses
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Objetive. To measure the prevalence of depressive disorder and to calculate its relationship with psychosocial indicators.
Method. Data were collected through two censuses with high school and college students from a university in Mexico City (n = 116 214). Participants completed the CES-D and other scales. Multivariate logistic regression models were used.
Results. The prevalence of depressive disorder was 16%. Predictors of depressive disorder were: having suffered psychological or sexual violence, having a family member who had been injured during an assault, history of depression in the family, poor quality in family and social relationships, among others.
Discussion and conclusion. The prevalence of depressive disorder increases with age. As prevention and treatment at an early age are essential, intervention and monitoring strategies must be created and systematized taking gender and other elements into account, such as the relationship with the parents, violence, and a history of depression in the family.
References
Adkins, D. E., Wang, V., Dupre, M. E., Van den Oord, E. J., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2009). Structure and stress: Trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence and young adulthood. Social Forces, 88(1), 31-60. doi: 10.1353/sof.0.0238
Anda, R. F., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Chapman, D., Edwards, V. J., Dube, S. R., & Williamson, D. F. (2002). Adverse childhood experiences, alcoholic parents, and later risk of alcoholism and depression. Psychiatric Services, 53(8), 1001-1009. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.53.8.1001
Angold, A. (1988). Childhood and adolescent depression: I. Epidemiological and aetiological aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 601-617. doi: 10.1192/bjp.152.5.601
Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Silberg, J., Eaves, L., & Costello, E. J. (2002). Depression scale scores in 8–17‐year‐olds: effects of age and gender. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(8), 1052-1063. doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00232
Aslund, C., Nilsson, K. W., Starrin, B., & Sjoberg, R. L. (2007). Shaming experiences and the association between adolescent depression and psychosocial risk factors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(5), 298-304. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0564-1
Avanci, J. Q., Assis, S. G., & Oliveira, R. V. (2008). Sintomas depressivos na adolescência: estudo sobre fatores psicossociais em amostra de escolares de um município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 24(10), 2334-2346. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2008001000014
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Fleiz-Bautista, C., & Zambrano-Ruiz, J. (2004). La depresión con inicio temprano: prevalencia, curso natural y latencia para buscar tratamiento. Salud Pública de México, 46(5), 417-424.
Benjet, C., Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Méndez, E., Fleiz, C., Rojas, E., & Cruz, C. (2009). Diferencias de sexo en la prevalencia y severidad de trastornos psiquiátricos en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental, 32(2), 155-163.
Borges, G., Medina-Mora, M. E., Wang, P. S., Lara, C., Berglund, P., & Walters, E. (2006) Treatment and adequacy of treatment for mental disorders among respondents to the Mexico National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8), 1371-1378. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1371
Borges, G., Wang, P. S., Medina-Mora, M. E., Lara, C., & Chiu, W, T. (2007). Delay of first treatment of mental and substance use disorders in Mexico. American Journal of Public Health, 97(9), 1638-1643. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.090985
Bouma, E. M, Ormel, J., Verhusst, F. C., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2008). Stressful life events and depressive problems in early adolescent boys and girls: The influence of parental depression, temperament and family environment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 105(1-3), 185-193. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.05.007
Castillo-Manzano, R. M., & Arankowsky-Sandoval, G. (2008). Violencia intrafamiliar como factor de riesgo para trastorno depresivo mayor en mujeres: Estudio de casos y controles. Revista Biomédica, 19(3), 128-133. doi: 10.32776/revbiomed.v19i3.517
Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217-225. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013
Culbertson, F. M. (1997). Depression and gender: An international review. American Psychologist, 52(1), 25-31. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.1.25
Field, T., Diego, M., & Sanders, C. (2001). Adolescent depression and risk factors. Adolescence, 36(143), 491-498.
Flannery, D. J., Wester, K. L., & Singer, M. I. (2004). Impact of exposure to violence in school on child and adolescent mental health and behavior. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 559-573. doi: 10.1002/jcop.20019
Fouilloux Morales, C., Barragán Pérez, V., Ortiz León, S., Jaimes Medrano, A., Urrutia Aguilar, M. E., & Guevara-Guzmán, R. (2013). Síntomas depresivos y rendimiento escolar en estudiantes de Medicina. Salud Mental, 36(1), 59-65.
Frenk, J., Lozano, R., & González, M. A. (1999). Economía y salud: Propuesta para el avance del sistema de salud en México. [Economy and health: A proposal for the advancement of the health system.].
Ge, X., Conger, R. D., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2001). Pubertal transition, stressful life events, and the emergence of gender differences in adolescent depressive symptoms. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 404-417. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.37.3.404
Goldberg, D. P. (1972). The detection of psychiatric illness by questionnaire: A technique for the identification and assessment of non-psychotic psychiatric illness. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
González-Forteza, C., Ramos Lira, L., Vignau Brambila, L. E., & Ramírez Villarreal, C. (2001). El abuso sexual y el intento suicida asociados con el malestar depresivo y la ideación suicida de los adolescentes. Salud Mental, 24(6), 16-25.
González-Forteza, C., Solís Torres, C., Jiménez Tapia, A., Hernández Fernández, I., González-González, A., Juárez García, F., ... Fernández-Varela Mejía, H. (2011). Confiabilidad y validez de la escala de depresión CES-D en un censo de estudiantes de nivel medio superior y superior, en la Ciudad de México. Salud Mental, 34(1), 53-59.
Hankin, B. L. (2008). Cognitive vulnerability–stress model of depression during adolescence: Investigating depressive symptom specificity in a multi-wave prospective study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36(7), 999-1014. doi: 10.1007/s10802-008-9228-6
Hasin, D. S., Goodwin, R. D., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcoholism and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(10), 1097-1106. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1097
IBM SPSS. (2010). IBM SPSS statistics base 19. Software User Guides, 330.
Jaureguizar, J., Bernaras, E., Soroa, M., Sarasa, M., & Garaigordobil, M. (2015). Sintomatología depresiva en adolescentes y variables asociadas al contexto escolar y clínico. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 23(2), 245-264.
Lenz, B. K. (2004). Tobacco, depression, and lifestyle choices in the pivotal early college years. Journal of American College Health, 52(5), 213-220. doi: 10.3200/JACH.52.5.213-220
MacPhee, A. R., & Andrews, J. J. (2006). Risk factors for depression in early adolescence. Adolescence, 41(163), 435-466.
Martínez-Hernáez, A., & Muñoz García, A. M. (2010). «Un infinito que no acaba». Modelos explicativos sobre la depresión y el malestar emocional entre los adolescentes barceloneses (España). Primera parte. Salud Mental, 33(2), 145-152.
Martini, S., Wagner, F. A., & Anthony, J. C. (2002). The association of tobacco smoking and depression in adolescence: evidence from the United States. Substance Use & Misuse, 37(14), 1853-1867. doi: 10.1081/JA-120014087
Medina-Mora, M. E., Borges, G., Lara Muñoz, C., Benjet, C., Blanco Jaimes, J., Fleiz Buatista, C., ... Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2003). Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental, 26(4), 1-16.
Medina-Mora, M. E., Borges, G., Lara, C., Benjet, C., Blanco, J., Fleiz, C., ... Zambrano, J. (2005). Prevalence, service use, and demographic correlates of 12-month DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in Mexico: results from the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey. Psychological Medicine, 35(12), 1773-1783. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705005672
Milani, R. M., Parrott, A. C., Turner, J. J., & Fox, H. C. (2004). Gender differences in self-reported anxiety, depression, and somatization among ecstasy/MDMA polydrug users, alcohol/tobacco users, and nondrug users. Addictive Behaviors, 29(5), 965-971. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.02.044
Olfson, M., Marcus, S. C., Druss, B., Pincus, H. A., & Weissman, M. M. (2003). Parental depression, child mental health problems, and health care utilization. Medical Care, 41(6), 716-721. doi: 10.1097/01.MLR.0000064642.41278.48
Poulin, C., Hand, D., Boudreau, B., & Sandor, D. (2005). Gender differences in the association between substance use and elevated depressive symptoms in a general adolescent population. Addiction, 100(4), 525-535. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01033.x
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306
Reinherz, H. Z., Paradis, A. D., Giaconia, R. M., Stashwick, C. K., & Fitzmaurice, G. (2003). Childhood and adolescent predictors of major depression in the transition to adulthood. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(12), 2141-2147. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.12.2141
Stata Corp LP. (2009). STATA Data Analysis and Statistical Software for Windows 11 [Software]. Texas: Stata Corp LP.
Twenge, J. M., Joiner, T. E., Rogers, M. L., & Martin, G. N. (2018). Increases in depressive symptoms, suicide-related outcomes, and suicide rates among US adolescents after 2010 and links to increased new media screen time. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(1), 3-17. doi: 10.1177/2167702617723376
Wu, P., Hoven, C. W., Okezie, N., Fuller, C. J., & Cohen, P. (2008). Alcohol abuse and depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 17(2), 51-69. doi: 10.1300/J029v17n02_04
