Evaluación de una intervención breve basada en atención plena (mindfulness) para prevenir el uso problemático de sustancias entre estudiantes de primer año de medicina
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Resumen
Introducción. Ingresar a la carrera de medicina implica un notorio cambio en el estilo de vida de un estudiante, especialmente durante los primeros años, ya que se presentan situaciones estresantes difíciles de enfrentar.
Objetivo. Evaluar la efectividad de una intervención basada en la Atención Plena (AP) en estudiantes de medicina para atenuar el uso problemático de sustancias, el estrés, la ansiedad y la sintomatología depresiva.
Método. Estudio experimental de dos grupos con asignación aleatoria simple. La muestra estuvo conformada por 320 estudiantes.
Resultados. 69% fueron mujeres y el resto hombres, la media de edad de los participantes fue de 19 años; 85% reportaron haber consumido alcohol alguna vez en la vida, 48% tabaco y 18% cannabis. El consumo de alcohol y de tabaco disminuyó ligeramente de la línea base al seguimiento en el grupo que recibió la AP. A su vez, el estrés tuvo también una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el grupo experimental y la ansiedad disminuyó en ambos grupos con cambios estadísticamente significativos bajo un probable efecto de imitación.
Discusión y conclusión. La tendencia a la baja en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco pudo haberse fortalecido una vez concluido el programa completo de intervención, como se observó de igual manera en otros estudios en que se impartieron cinco o más sesiones de AP, que muestraron mejoras significativas. La reducción en el nivel de las variables estudiadas coincide con estudios que dan cuenta de los beneficios de la AP al actuar como mecanismo de estabilización emocional frente a eventos adversos.
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