Sleep problems and profiles in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder assessed by the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated in Colombia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
Introduction. Sleep problems are frequent in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but often underestimated in clinical settings.
Objective. To describe the main characteristics of sleep habits in an ADHD outpatient population using the Children Sleep Habits Questionnaire-Abbreviated (CSHQ-A) to compare ADHD groups according to the presence of comorbidity and the presence of current treatment, and to determine sleep profiles by using latent class analysis (LCA).
Method. A sample of 228 ADHD patients (Mage = 11.5 years old, (IR = 9 - 15) were enrolled. ADHD comorbidities and treatments were registered. Parents/caregivers filled out the questionnaire. Participants groups were compared, and LCA was used to classify profiles of similar sleep patterns.
Results. The ADHD group with treatment had a higher score in the CSHQ-A than the group without treatment. Four classes emerge: Class 1 only children, males, half with comorbid ADHD, many with treatment, and with many sleep problems (CSHQ-A mean: 25.98). Class 2: mostly adolescents, female, with comorbid anxiety disorder, and who did not show sleep problems (CSHQ-A mean: 12.78). Class 3: only adolescents, males, comorbid with major depressive disorder and CSHQ-A who showed many sleep problems. Class 4: only children, males, the majority with treatment, with some sleep problems.
Discussion and conclusion. In this ADHD sample, patients with psychopharmacological treatment have a greater report of sleep problems by the CSHQ-A compared to those who do not receive treatment.
References
Alfano, C., Beidel, D., Turner, S., & Lewin, D. (2006). Preliminary evidence for sleep complaints among children referred for anxiety. Sleep Medicine, 7, 467–473.
Armitage, R., Emslie, G., Hoffmann, R., Weinberg, W., Kowatch, R., Rintelmann, J., & et al. (2000). Ultradian rhythms and temporal coherence in sleep EEG in depressed children and adolescents. Biological Psychiatry, 47, 338–350.
Austin, P. (2009). Using the standardized difference to compare the prevalence of a binary variable between two groups in observational research. Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation, 38(6), 1228–1234.
Ball, J., Tiernan, M., Janusz, J., & Furr, A. (1997). Sleep patterns among children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A reexamination of parent perceptions. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22, 389–398.
Barrett, J., Tracy, D., & Glaroli, G. (2013). To sleep or not to sleep: a systematic review of the literature of pharmacological treatments of insomnia in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol, 23(10), 640–7. doi: 10.1089/cap.2013.0059. Epub 2013 Nov 2.
Charach, A., Ickowicz, A., & Schachar, R. (2004). Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 43(5), 559–567.
Coolican, H. (2009). Research methods and statistics in psychology. London, United Kingdom: Hooder.
Corkum, P., Moldofsky, H., Hogg-Johnson, S., Humphries, T., & Tannock, R. (1999). Sleep problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: impact of subtype, comorbidity, and stimulant medication. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 38(10), 1285–1293.
Corkum, P., Tannock, R., Moldofsky, H., Hogg-Johnson, S., & Humphries, T. (2001). Actigraphy and parental ratings of sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Sleep, 24, 303–12.
Cortese, S., Faraone, S. V., Konofal, E., & Lecendreux, M. (2009). Sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: meta- analysis of subjective and objective studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 48, 894–908.
Cortese, S., Konofal, E., Yareman, N., Mouren, M., & Lecendreux, M. (2006). Sleep and alertness in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review of the literature. Sleep, 29504–11.
Dickerson-Mayes, S., Calhoun, S., Bixler, E., Vgontzas, A., Mahr, F., Hiliwig-Garcia, J., & et al. (2009). ADHD Subtypes and Comorbid Anxiety, Depression, and Oppositional-Defiant Disorder: Differences in Sleep Problems. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 34(3), 328–337, doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn083.
Fritz, C., Morris, P., & Richier, J. (2012). Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 2.
Galand, B., Tirpp, E., & Taylor, B. (2010). The sleep of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on and off methylphenidate: a matched case–control study. J Sleep Res, 19(2), 366–373.
Gorsuch, R. (1983). Factor Analysis. Journal of Psychiatry, 126, 237–240.
Hosmer, D., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression. New York: Wiley.
Ivanenko, A., Crabtree, V., & Gozal, D. (2004). Sleep in children with psychiatric disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 51, 51–68.
Kent, J., Blader, J., Koplewicz, H., Abikoff, H., & Foley, C. (1995). Effects of late-afternoon methylphenidate administration on behavior and sleep in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 96(320–5).
Konofal, E., Lecendreux, M., Bouvard, M., & Mouren-Simeoni, M. (2001). High levels of nocturnal activity in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A video analysis. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 55, 97–103.
Kooij, J., Middlekoop, H., van Glis, K., & Buitelaar, J. (2001). The effect of stimulants on nocturnal motor activity and sleep quality in adults with ADHD: an open-label case–control study. J Clin Psychiatry, 62(12), 952–956.
Kratochvil, C., Wilens, T., Greenhil, L., & et al. (2006). Effects of long-term atomoxetine treatment for young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 45(8), 919–927.
Lanza, S., & Rhoades, B. (2013). Latent class analysis: an alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prev Sci, 14(2), 157–168.
LeBourgeois, M., Avis, K., Mixon, M., Olmi, J., & Harsh, J. (2004). Snoring, sleep quality, and sleepiness across attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes. Sleep, 27, 520–525.
Lecendreux, M., Konofal, E., Bouvard, M., Falissard, B., & Mouren-Simeoni, M. (2000). Sleep and alertness in children with ADHD. Journal of Child Psychiatry, 41, 803–812.
Mayes, S., Calhoun, S., Bixler, E., & Al., E. (2009). ADHD subtypes and comorbid anxiety, depression, and oppositional-defiant disorder: differences in sleep problems. J Pediatr Psychol, 34(3), 328– 337. [PubMed: 18676503].
Miano, S., Parisi, P., & Villa, M. (2012). The sleep phenotypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: the role of arousal during sleep and implications for treatment. Med Hypotheses, 79(2), 147–53. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.04.020. Epub 2012.
NICHD SECCYD-Wisconsin. (2017). Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (Abbreviated). The National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD). [Cited 25 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.education.uci.edu/childcare/pdf/i.
Nunes, M., & Bruni, O. (2015). Insomnia in childhood and adolescence: clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapeutic approach. J Pediatr (Rio J), 91(6), 26–35.
Owens, J., Maxim, R., Nobile, C., McGuinn, M., & Msall, M. (2000). Parental and Self-report of Sleep in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 154, 549–555.
Owens, J., Spirito, A., & McGuinn, M. (2000). The Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ): psychometric properties of a survey instrument for school-aged children. Sleep, 23(8), 1043–51.
Ramos-Platon, M., Vela-Bueno, A., Espinar-Sierra, J., & Kales, S. (1990). Hypnopolygraphic alternations in attention deficit disorder (ADD) children. International Journal of Neuroscience, 53, 87–101.
Ring, A., Stein, D., Barak, Y., Teicher, A., Hadjez, J., Elizur, A., & et al. (1998). Sleep disturbances in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A comparative study. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 31, 572–578.
Sadeh, A., Gruber, R., & Raviv, A. (2002). Sleep, neurobehavioral functioning, and behavior problems in school-age children. Child Development, 73, 405–417.
Stein, M. (1999). Unravelling sleep problems in treated and untreated children with ADHD. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 9, 157.68.
Tirosh, E., Sadeh, A., Munvez, R., & Lavie, P. (1993). Effects of methylphenidate on sleep in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 147, 1313–1315.
Vermunt, J., & Magidson, J. (2002). Latent class cluster analysis. In J. Hagenaars & A. McCutcheon (Eds.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 89–106). Cambriddge, UK.: Cambridge University.
Vermut, J., & Magidson, J. (2000). Latent GOLD User’s Guide. Belmont: Statistical Innovations.
