An overview of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in Alzheimer’s disease
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Resumen
Antecedentes. La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es el trastorno neurocognitivo más frecuente. Afecta de 50 a 75% de los casos de demencia y se caracteriza por un declive cognitivo progresivo que perjudica la conducta y funcionalidad. Su etiología es aún incierta y la eficacia de los tratamientos limitada. La estimulación magnética transcraneal repetitiva (EMTr) se ha utilizado como una estrategia terapéutica alternativa, pero se ha estudiado poco el impacto clínico que tiene en la EA.
Objetivo. Describir los efectos de la EMTr sobre la cognición y los síntomas psicológicos y conductuales de la demencia (SPCD), así como en la funcionalidad, considerando las diferentes modalidades de aplicación.
Método. Se consultaron las bases de datos PubMed, ScienceDirect y PsycInfo utilizando palabras clave relacionadas con el tema de estudio. Se seleccionaron los artículos publicados de 2006 a 2016.
Resultados. Los estudios que han evaluado el efecto clínico de la EMTr han utilizado diferentes parámetros de estimulación y comparaciones de diferentes áreas corticales, principalmente de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral. Se postulan diferentes beneficios en pacientes con EA en dominios cognitivos como el lenguaje y la memoria episódica, así como en la conducta y en la funcionalidad de las actividades de la vida diaria.
Discusión y conclusión. La EMTr se ha sugerido como posible tratamiento para la EA. Los resultados favorecen la necesidad de realizar nuevos estudios con diferentes diseños metodológicos y mayor número de participantes, en combinación con técnicas de rehabilitación cognitiva. La perspectiva es identificar los parámetros de estimulación más eficaces y explorar nuevas dianas corticales.
Referencias
Ahmed, M. A., Darwish, E. S., Khedr, E. M., El Serogy, Y. M., & Ali, A. M. (2012). Effects of low versus high frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive function and cortical excitability in Alzheimer’s dementia. J Neurol, 259(1), 83–92. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-011-6128-4
Alzheimer’s Association. (2015). 2015 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : Alzheimers Dement, 11(3), 332–84. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.02.003
Anderkova, L., & Rektorova, I. (2014). Cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with neurodegenerative diseases - Clinician’s perspective . Neurol Sci , 339(1–2), 15–25. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2014.01.037
Barnes, D. E., & Yaffe, K. (2011). The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer’s disease prevalence. The Lancet Neurol, 10(9), 819–828. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70072-2
Bentwich, J., Dobronevsky, E., Aichenbaum, S., Shorer, R., Peretz, R., Khaigrekht, M., … Rabey, J. M. (2011). Beneficial effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a proof of concept study. J Neurla Trasm (Vienna, Austria : 1996), 118(3), 463–471. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-010-0578-1
Boggio, P. S., Valasek, C. A., Campanhã, C., Giglio, A. C. A., Baptista, N. I., Lapenta, O. M., & Fregni, F. (2011). Non-invasive brain stimulation to assess and modulate neuroplasticity in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 21(5), 703–716. http://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2011.617943
Brem, A.-K., Schilberg, L., Freitas, C., Atkinson, N., Seligson, E., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2013). Effects of cognitive training and rTMS in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 9(4, Supplement), P664. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2013.05.1367
Cotelli, M., Calabria, M., Manenti, R., Rosini, S., Zanetti, O., Cappa, S. F., & Miniussi, C. (2011). Improved language performance in Alzheimer disease following brain stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 82(7), 794–797. http://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.197848
Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Cappa, S. F., Geroldi, C., Zanetti, O., Rossini, P. M., & Miniussi, C. (2006). Effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation on action naming in patients with Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol, 63(11), 1602–1604. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.63.11.1602
Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Cappa, S. F., Zanetti, O., & Miniussi, C. (2008). Transcranial magnetic stimulation improves naming in Alzheimer disease patients at different stages of cognitive decline. Eur J Neurol, 15(12), 1286–1292. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02202.x
Cotelli, M., Manenti, R., Zanetti, O., & Miniussi, C. (2012). Non-pharmacological intervention for memory decline. Front in Hum Neurosci, 6(March), 46. http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00046
Devi, G., Voss, H. U., Levine, D., Abrassart, D., Heier, L., Halper, J., … Lowe, S. (2014). Open-label, short-term, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease with functional imaging correlates and literature review. Am J of Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 29(3), 248–255. http://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1533317513517047
Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Jacova, C., Cummings, J. L., DeKosky, S. T., Barberger-Gateau, P., … Scheltens, P. (2010). Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: a new lexicon. The Lancet Neurol, 9(11), 1118–1127. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70223-4
Dubois, B., Hampel, H., Feldman, H. H., Scheltens, P., Aisen, P., Andrieu, S., … Working, I. (2016). Preclinical Alzheimer ’ s disease : Definition , natural history , and diagnostic criteria Elsevier Inc (Vol. 12). http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.02.002
Edmund S. Higgins, M. S. G. (2008). Brain Stimulation Therapies for the Clinician. Am Psychiatr Publ.
Fitzgerald, P. B., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2013). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Depressive Disorders A Practical Guide. Springer
Fonseca, L. M., Navatta, A. C. R., Bottino, C. M. C., & Miotto, E. C. (2015). Cognitive Rehabilitation of Dementia in Adults with Down Syndrome: A Review of Non-Pharmacological Interventions. Demet Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra, 5(3), 330–340. http://doi.org/10.1159/000438858
Freitas, C., Mondragón-Llorca, H., & Pascual-Leone, A. (2011). Noninvasive brain stimulation in Alzheimer’s disease: Systematic review and perspectives for the future. Exp Gerontol, 46(8), 611–627. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2011.04.001
Guse, B., Falkai, P., & Wobrock, T. (2010). Cognitive effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review. J of Neural Transm, 117(1), 105–122. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-009-0333-7
Haffen, E., Chopard, G., Pretalli, J. B., Magnin, E., Nicolier, M., Monnin, J., … Vandel, P. (2012). A case report of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as an adjunctive treatment for Alzheimer disease. Brain Stimul, 5(3), 264–266. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2011.03.003
Hsu, W.-Y., Ku, Y., Zanto, T. P., & Gazzaley, A. (2015). Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol. Aging, 36(8), 2348–59. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016
Innocenti, I., Giovannelli, F., Cincotta, M., Feurra, M., Polizzotto, N. R., Bianco, G., … Rossi, S. (2010). Event-related rTMS at encoding affects differently deep and shallow memory traces. NeuroImage, 53(1), 325–330. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.011
Lee, J., Choi, B. H., Oh, E., Sohn, E. H., & Lee, A. Y. (2016).
Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Cognitive Training: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea). http://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.57
Lefaucheur, J.-P., Andre-Obadia, N., Antal, A., Ayache, S. S., Baeken, C., Benninger, D. H., … Garcia-Larrea, L. (2014). Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol, 125(11), 2150–2206. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021
Loo, C. K. (2002). Applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in psychiatry. J ECT, 18(1), 62.
Luber B, Kinnunen LH, Rakitin BC, Ellsasser R, Stern Y, L. S. (2007). Facilitation of performance in a working memory task with rTMS stimulation of the precuneus: frequency-and time-dependent effects. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res, 1128, 120–9.
Manenti, R., Cotelli, M., Robertson, I. H., & Miniussi, C. (2012). Transcranial brain stimulation studies of episodic memory in young adults, elderly adults and individuals with memory dysfunction: A review. Brain Stimul, 5(2), 103–109. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2012.03.004
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R., Kawas, C. H., … Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s and Dementia, 7(3), 263–269. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005
Miniussi, C., & Ruzzoli, M. (2013). Transcranial stimulation and cognition. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 116, 739–750. http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53497-2.00056-5
Nardone, R., Bergmann, J., Christova, M., Caleri, F., Tezzon, F., Ladurner, G., … Golaszewski, S. (2012). Effect of transcranial brain stimulation for the treatment of Alzheimer disease: A review. Int J Alzheimers Dis, 2012. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/687909
Nardone, R., Tezzon, F., Höller, Y., Golaszewski, S., Trinka, E., & Brigo, F. (2014). Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)/repetitive TMS in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neurol Scand, 129(6), 351–366. http://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12223
NICE. (2014). Rivastigmine and memantine for the treatment of Alzheimer ’s disease, (April).
OMS y Alzheimer’s Disease International (ADI). (2013). Dementia: a public health priority. Demencia. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-5412(11)70067-1
Palomo, R. (2015). Guía de consulta de los Criterios diagnósticos del DSM-5. (A. P. ASSOCIATION, Ed.).
Pascual-Leone, A. (2011). Transcranial magnetic stimulation in cognitive rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil, 21(5), 579–601. http://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2011.562689
Prince, M., Albanese, E., Guerchet, M., & Prina, M. (2014). Alzheimer’s Disease International. Dementia and risk reduction: an analysis of protective and modifiable factors. Alzheimer’s Disease International, 1–104.
Prince, M., Wimo, A., Guerchet, M., Gemma-Claire, A., Wu, Y.-T., & Prina, M. (2015). World Alzheimer Report 2015: The Global Impact of Dementia - An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends. Alzheimer’s Disease International, 84. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00293.x
Rabey, J. M., Dobronevsky, E., Aichenbaum, S., Gonen, O., Marton, R. G., & Khaigrekht, M. (2013). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with cognitive training is a safe and effective modality for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A randomized, double-blind study. J Neural Transm, 120(5), 813–819. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0902-z
Reitz, C., & Mayeux, R. (2014). Alzheimer disease: Epidemiology, Diagnostic Criteria, Rist Factors and Biomarkers. Biochem Pharmacol., 88(4), 640–651. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.024.Alzheimer
Rossi, S., Hallett, M., Rossini, P. M., Pascual-Leone, A., Avanzini, G., Bestmann, S., … Ziemann, U. (2009). Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol, 120(12), 2008–2039. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.016
RotenbergWolfgang, A. (2014). Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Series Editor.
Rutherford, G., Gole, R., & Moussavi, Z. (2013). rTMS as a Treatment of Alzheimer ’ s Disease with and without Comorbidity of Depression : A Review. Neurosci J, 2013, 5. http://doi.org/10.1155/2013/679389
Scheltens, P., Blennow, K., Breteler, M. M. B., Strooper, B. De, Frisoni, G. B., Salloway, S., & Flier, W. M. Van Der. (2016). Seminar Alzheimer ’ s disease, 6736(15), 1–13.
Steinberg, M., Shao, H., Zandi, P., Lyketsos, C. G., Kathleen, A., Norton, M. C., … Joann, T. (2010). Point and 5-year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia : the Cache County Study. INT J GEriatr Psychiatry, 23(2), 170–177. http://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1858.Point
Wu, Y., Xu, W., Liu, X., Xu, Q., Tang, L., & Wu, S. (2015). Adjunctive treatment with high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the behavioral and psychological symptoms of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Shanghai Archs Psychiatry, 27(5), 280–8. http://doi.org/10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.215107
