Current psychological therapeutic approaches for gambling disorder with psychiatric comorbidities: A narrative review
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Resumen
Antecedentes. La presencia comórbida del juego patológico (JP) con otro trastorno mental plantea diversos desafíos al tratamiento, como las recaídas, las repercusiones negativas para los pacientes y sus familias y un mayor número de hospitalizaciones.
Objetivo. Revisar la evidencia empírica existente sobre el papel que cumplen las terapias psicológicas en el tratamiento de estos trastornos duales.
Método. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la bibliografía relevante sobre este tema. Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda sistemática de artículos originales (2010-octubre 2017) en MEDLINE y PsycInfo con las palabras clave: 1. gambling or gamblers, 2. Treatment, intervention, therapy or therapeutics, y 3. dual diagnosis or comorbidity.
Resultados. Hay diversas terapias para el JP: tratamiento hospitalario, terapia intensiva ambulatoria, terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) individual y en grupo, Jugadores Anónimos y farmacoterapia. La hospitalización se limita a los pacientes con una crisis aguda, fracasos terapéuticos previos y trastornos comórbidos graves, como la depresión y los intentos de suicidio. El tratamiento para el JP comórbido con otro trastorno (depresión, abuso de sustancias o esquizofrenia) requiere más investigación. Las terapias más efectivas en estos casos son al parecer la TCC, la entrevista motivacional y los grupos de autoayuda. Los programas que combinan farmacoterapia con tratamientos psicológicos parecen aumentar la retención del tratamiento.
Discusión y conclusión. La intervención debe adaptarse a las necesidades específicas de cada paciente y la investigación debe mejorar las estrategias motivacionales cuando los pacientes muestran una deficiente adherencia a la medicación, así como diseñar medidas para mejorar la fidelidad al tratamiento psicológico.
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